Anatomy and Physiology Essay

Define/ get the following terms as every(prenominal) told and detailed as you can 1. Inflammation- Inflammation is the bulging of shin, variety meat, or other be split collectable to fluid buildup caused an injury. The fluid rushes to the injured country and that is what makes the puffiness. 2. High Fructose Corn Syrup- (HFCS) Composed of lemon and lab chemicals. HFCS is put unneurotic in processed nourishments such as salad dressing and soda. Your system does not recognize it as food so it shunts the HFCS to a fat stall(a) and that is what causes weight gain. 3.The 4 parts of the vertebral column plus 1 special part- The four parts of the vertebral column argon make up of twenty nine vertebrae each separated by an intravertebral criminal record which absorbs shock to the vertebrae. The first part is called cervical vertebrae, there argon seven-spot of them, they ar the bittyest vertebrae and they ar at the top of your neck. The first of the cervical vertebrae is called the atlas vertebra and the second is called axis and it allows your head to turn side to side. Next argon the thoracic vertebrae. The thoracic vertebrae be the next twelve infra your cervical vertebrae.These vertebrae ar larger and thicker than the cervical vertebrae. The next sets of vertebrae atomic number 18 your lumbar vertebrae which are the last five vertebrae in your lower back. Lumbar vertebrae are your biggest, strongest and thickest vertebrae. They lead to be big and strong because they support the weight of your luggage compartment. The sacrum is at the genuinely end of your vertebral column. The sacrum is composed of five fused vertebrae. *Fun item giraffes and humans baffle the same number of vertebrae.* The special part of your vertebral column is called the coccyx.The coccyx is primed(p) at the very end of your vertebral column. The coccyx has no real cultivate. 4. Bone vegetable nucleus and hemoglobin- haemoglobin plays a big role in cellular r espiration and group O supply. Hemoglobin carries oxygen. Bone marrow is a soft, net kindred mass of connective meander that is in the bulbry cavities of bring ups classified as long bones. The marrow is housed in the spaces of the spongy bones. Spongy bone is most abundant in the proximal and distal epiphysiss of a long bone. there are two types of bone marrow, red and yellow.Yellow bone marrow throw ins fat and red marrow functions in the formation of red and sporting kindred cells. Red bone marrow receives its color from hemoglobin because it stores oxygen which turns blood red. 5. The 3 bottoms of the spit out- The integumentary has triple parts the epidermis is the outmost spirit level and it lack blood, the second work of struggle is the dermis and it carries nutrients, the ternary and final stage of skin is called the subcutaneous floor and it is located to a lower place the dermis. The subcutaneous layer sits right Next to fat and it the most at bottom layer. 6. The 3 types of muscle thread- Muscle tissue is broken down into third layers and a covering called fascia that covers everything. The first and most outside layer it called epimysium and it surrounds the muscle as a whole.The second layer of muscle tissue is fill in as the perimysium and it surrounds the bundles of muscle graphemes. The final and most inner layer of muscle tissue is the endomysium and it surrounds each individual muscle fiber. 7. Type I and II muscle fibers- Smooth muscle in particular has two types of muscle fiber, multiunit and visceral. Multiunit muscle fibers are separated unlike visceral tissue that is do up of sheets and spindle mold cells. Multiunit muscle fibers can be found in the irises of your eyeball and visceral tissue is common in hollow organ like the stomach.Cellular Metabolism1. apologize the function of metabolism- Metabolism builds and breaks down particles. The main function of the metabolism is to synthesize, use and store zip po. 2. Compare and contrast anabolism and catabolism- anabolism is the buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones which requires readiness and catabolism is the opposite it breaks down large particles to produce energy.3. get wind how energy in the form of ATP bring to passs available for cellular doingivities- Energy in the form of ATP is used for many cellular activities. To produce ATP, automatic data processing has to combine with a third phosphate and that gains ATP for cellular activities such as glycolysis which is the first step in cellular respiration. 4. Describe the step of protein tax write-off- Information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is messenger RNA, and because the mRNA is translated into a series of amino acids. The two steps are transcription and then translation.Integumentary System1. Describe the structure of the layers of the skin- The epidermis is the top layer that you can touch and it lacks blood. Next is the dermis, the dermis carries nutrients and tempers the hair follicles, it as well as stamp down your sweat gland ducts. The most inner layer of the skin is called the subcutaneous layer, it is not a true layer of skin just it helps to carry on body disturb and it helps keep out unwanted heat from the outside. 2. reiterate the factors that determine skin color- Skin color is determined largely by melanin. Everyone has approximately the same number of melanocytes but genetics determine how nimble and how much melanin the melanocytes produce.The to a greater extent melanin you make water system the darker your skin is. 3. Describe insult healing- The accidental injury and the line of business around it be surface swollen or inflamed due to fluid that leaked into the injured area. This is not a bad thing because it provides the area with more nutrients and oxygen which aids healing. If a break on the skin is shallow then the epithelial cells divide faster and the new cells involve the broken area. If the cut is deep into the dermis or subcutaneous layer to blood vessels form a blood clot and the dried tissue fluids help to form a scab. Cells work continuously to clear remote dead cells and other remains and eventually it is all replaced with new cells nether the scab and they scab will in time come off.If the wound is deep then extensive construction of collagenous fibers may create a raised portion of skin called a scar. 4. How can a individual avoid developing skin cancer during their lifetime?- In order to avoid developing skin cancer a person should avoid exposing their skin to high-intensity sunlight, use sunscreens, examine skin regularly. 5. magnetic dip two examples of modified sweat glands in the body and what they secrete- The two types of sweat glands are eccrine glands and apocrine glands.eccrine glands secrete sweat that is carries through a tube called a duct and released at the come near of a pore. (Ex Eccrine glands release the sweat that you feel on your pa lms when you get nervous.) The apocrine glands, become active when you hit puberty, secrete sweat as well but they release it when a person is emotionally upset, sexually aroused, scared or in pain. Sweat develops a scent when it interacts with bacteria.6. What two specific properties of skin allow it to regulate body temperature?- In order to regulate body temperature theskin needs to release heat as needed or conserve heat as needed. When the body becomes too hot it sends a message to your blood vessels to dilate and that allows blood to come in and heat to escape. When your body becomes too cold it sends a message to your blood vessels to hale which does not allow heat to escape your body.Skeletal System1. develop how calcium levels are maintained in the blood and bone- Homeostasis of the calcium levels in bone is controlled by resorption and deposition of calcium into the bones. Also 3-5% of calcium in bones is exchanged each year. If you have less than 3-5% you would be a mid get but if you have more than 3-5% then you would be a giant. Osteoclasts break down bone and osteoblasts build bone.2. Explain wherefore the shoulder joint and hip joints are more mobile than the fingers breadth joints- The shoulder and hips joints are ball-and-socket joints and are more mobile than your finger joints, which are condylar joints, because ball-and-socket joints are literally a ball like shaped bone that sits in a cup shaped cavity in anther bone. The placement and shape of these bones allows for rotation and transaction on all planes. Condylar joints like the fingers are like puzzles everything fits together. But just like a puzzle you can bend them it but they dont rotate. 3. List the active tissues in a bone-Bone tissuegristleDense connective tissueBloodNervous tissue4. recite mingled with the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each- The axial skeleton lie downs of your thoracic cage which is your ribs, vertebral column, and sternu m, and xiphoid process. The axial skeleton consist of your limbs(arms and legs), pectoral girdle(scapula and clavicles), and your pelvic girdle(coccyx, sacrum, ilium, ischium, pubis anterior and medial) 5. List six types of synovial joints, and describe the actions of each- Ball-and-socket- Movement in all planes and enables rotation. Condylar- Variety of try in different planes but no rotation.Plane- Sliding or twisting.Hinge- Flexion or extension.Pivot- Rotation around a central axis.Saddle- Variety of movements, mainly in two planes.6. List all 6 types of synovial joints and describe/ explicate each one. List one example for each- Ball-and-socket-Ball shaped head of a bone articulates with the cavity of another bone. (Ex hip) Condylar-oval-shaped condyle f one bone articulates with ovate cavity of another bone. (Ex Phalanges. Excluding the thumb)Plane-articulating surfaces are almost flat or fairly curved. (Ex carpals)Hinge-Convex surface of one bone articulates with a concave surface of another. (Ex elbow)Pivot-Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with the ring of bone and ligament. (Ex vertebrae)Saddle-the surface of one bone fits the surfaces of another. (Ex thumb)Muscular System1. What happens to muscles when a weight lifter becomes sedentary? when a weight lifter becomes sedentary his muscle mass is press release to depress to decrease because he isnt using them. His muscles are just going to keep shrinking and shrinking. This happens as quickly as two weeks. 2. Describe the sliding filament theory and steps of hefty contraction- Muscle fiber releases ACh.Protein receptors smack Ach being released.Green light (stimulus) is received by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. level to release Ca+. Ca+ is given to sarcoplasm.Ca+ interacts with your tropomyosin and triponin.Actin will cross-bridge (contraction)Ca+ returns to the sarcoplasmic reticulum so link is broken and muscle relaxes. 3. Describe the differences surrounded by slow-twitch and fast- twitch muscle fibers- slow twitch muscle give you the ability to do exercise for alonger period of time because they fatigue dilatory and are efficient in the use of oxygen to produce more fuel or ATP.Fast twitch muscle fibers are near for fast bursts of exercise because they fatigue quickly and they can fire more rapidly than slow twitch fibers. 4. Identify the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber, and the function of each- Myofibrils- they consist of actin and myosin and aid in the act of contraction. Myosin- Thick proteinActin- thin proteinSarcomere- units for muscle contraction-I bands- composed of actin-Z lines-5. Explain how muscular contractions move body parts and help maintain posture-Muscle looking is a form of sustained contractions, which are contractions that occur even when we appear to be standing equable. They keep our body upright a.k.a. posture. These contractions are responses to nerve impulses that come from the spinal cord and stimulate the muscle fibers t o move. If our body loses muscle tone then we would collapse. Which is what happens when a person is unconscious.Nervous System1. Describe the oecumenic functions of the encephalon stem- the headspringstem is nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. The brainstem has three separate parts. Midbrain- reflex centers associated with the eyes and head movement. Pons- transmits impulses between the cerebrum and other parts of the nervous system. Also helps regulate breathing Medulla Oblongata- transmits all raise (to the brain) and descending (away from the brain) impulses and bars several vital and non-vital reflex centers. 2. Why can a person still be alive even though they are brain dead?- You can still be alive and be brain dead it just means that your brain stem doesnt work.When you are brain dead its like being in a coma. You cant move anything or understand anything but you are still there. You would live in a hospital or have 24/7 monitoring and you would be living off tubes and wires. 3. Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord- the first layer of covering over the brain and spinal cord is dura matter.Dura matter is the outsidemost layer. It made up of tough, white, fibrous connectivetissue and contains many blood vessels and also nerves. The second layer is arachnoid matter. This matter is thin and does not contain many blood vessels and it lies right below the dura matter. The innermost layer and final layer is the pia matter. This matter is very thin and does contain many blood vessels and nerves to nourish underlying cells in the brain and spinal cord. 4. Name the cranial nerves and list their major functions-Olfactory- champion of smellOptic- visionOculomotor- eye movementTrigeminal- controls facial expressionsVestibular- controls hearing and vestibularGlassopharengeal- controls tongueVagus- longest nerve in the bodyAccessory- shoulders and neck movementHypoglossal- tongue in speaking movement, swallowing, and che wing. Trochlear- eye movementAbducens- eye movementFacial- facial expressionsVestibulochlear- house hearing receptors5. break between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system divisions of the autonomic nervous system- The sympathetic division are your meshing or flight responses. If you are getting edible cornered in an ally you a have a set of responses that you may put forward. This division acts under stressful situations. The parasympathetic division is your responses for shape situations. This division activates under normal situations.The Senses1. Describe how the sense of pain is produced- free nerve endings on your skin pick up stimulating from sensations of pain and send them to the brain. There are two different types, touch and pressure is contact to the surface of the body and deep pressure senses are impulses from pain in the internal tissues. 2. Explain the instrument for smell- the olfactory nerve is the nerve in your body that controls the sense of sme ll. Your sense of smell is a chemoreceptor so it picks up and reacts with the chemicals that you smell.3. Explain the mechanism for taste- Taste is also a chemoreceptor. The organs of taste are located in the papillae, which are otherwise known as your taste buds. You have 5 different taste cells, sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty. In order to taste the chemicals in food your saliva has to break down the chemicals and release them before your papillae picks up on the taste. 4. Name the parts and explain the functions of the outer, centre of attention, and inner part of the ear-The outer ear is made up of our auricle and the external acoustic meatus. It but picks up telephone and funnels sound into the next part of the ear, which is the middle ear.The middle ear is made up of the tympanic cavity otherwise known as the eardrum. The ear drum is made up of three auditory bones in which the vibration pass through and create the sound that is sent to the inner ear where the audito ry cortex interprets the sensory impulses. 5. Distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium- static equilibrium senses when the head is still and maintains balance throughout and dynamic equilibrium senses when the body and head are moving and tries to maintain balance.Endocrine System1. Explain how insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood levels of glucose- Glucagon and insulin work against each other in the adjust of blood sugar. Glucagon stimulates the coloured to break down glycogen and convert some(prenominal) noncarbohydrates, for example amino acids, into glucose to raise the blood sugar. Insulin on the other kick in does the exact opposite. Insulin stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.Also, the secretion of insulin encourages transport of amino acids into cells, amplifications the rate and time of protein synthesis, and stimulates adipose cells to synthesize and store fat. 2. Distinguish between endocrine gland and exocrine glands- the exo crine glands secret hormones into ducts and the endocrine system secretes hormones into body fluids. The Endocrine system has 5 parts, the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid gland, adrenal, and pancreas.3. Name and describe the major endocrine glands and list the hormones they secrete- Pituitary- hormones pituitary gland which is at the base of the brain and it controls all hormones, the growth hormone uses carbohydrates at a faster rate in order to make your body grow, next is the thyroid-stimulating hormone which controls the secretion of hormones fromthe thyroid but the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH, last is the anti diaretic hormone which forces the kidneys to conserve water. Thyroid- the thyroid gland is made up of follicles that store hormones and it is located in the neck.The thyroid gland releases Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which increase the metabolic rate of cells, enhance protein synthesis and stimulate lipid operation. Parathyroid- secretory cells that co ntain capillaries. The parathyroid gland secretes the parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium and decreases blood phosphate ion levels. Adrenal- made up of the adrenal medulla, which secretes epinephrine and nonrepinephrine. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system controls the secretion of these hormones. The adrenal cortex also makes up the adrenal gland and it produces a number of steroid hormones such as aldosterone, and cortisol, and adrenal sex hormones.Pancreas- the pancreas secretes digestive juices and hormones. The pancreas is attached to the small intestine and it secretes glucagon and insulin. (See number 1) 4. Describe how the body responds to stress- assay is caused by a threat to the maintenance of homeostasis. The hypothalamus controls the stress responses. These responses include your fight or flight responses such as raise in blood sugar, glycerol and fatty acids. Increased heart rate, blood pressure and an increase in the breathing rate , increase in epinephrine from the adrenal medulla (See answer 3).Digestive System and Nutrition1. Identify each of the organs/structures of the digestive system and discuss how the function of each one contributes to the digestive process- Mouth- aids in the mechanical break down of food. This process begins digestion. salivary glands- release an enzyme called saliva which begins the chemical digestion of food and produces the taste also. Pharynx- pushes food to the esophagus.Esophagus- pushes food the stomachStomach- when the stomach receives the food from the esophagus it mixes it with juices and begins the protein digestion then to is sent to the small intestine. Small intestine- takes out the nutrients from the food and moves the waste to the large intestine. Large intestine- reabsorbs water to formfeces.2. Name and describe the many negative health cause and diseases associated with corn syrup/high fructose corn syrup intake- Obesity- immoderate weight gain is a result of t he increase in consumption of HFCS. Your body cannot recognize HFCS as a food so it shunts it to a fat cell and you eat more because you dont know your full. Liver- fructose can only break down in liver so it makes your liver fatty which can lead to diabetes Diabetes- high or low blood sugar in this case high because you put one across so much FAKE sugar that your body secretes it into your blood because it doesnt know what else to do with it.3. In class, I used ketchup and processed-peanut butters as an example that not many people know contain corn syrup and high fructose corn sugar (among other sugars). List 4 products that contain corn syrup/high fructose corn syrup that would trick a consumer- BreadBarbecue sauce dependable (supposedly) cereals even Special KCrackersHamburgers