Becker Muscular Dystrophy Medical Genetics Health And Social Care Essay

Muscular dystrophy is a familial upset that bit by bit weakens the organic structure ‘s musculuss. It is caused by incorrect or losing familial information that prevents the organic structure from doing the proteins needed to keep healthy musculuss. There are different types of muscular dystrophies that consequence different musculuss and consequences in different grades of musculus failing. But specifically two types are of import: Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( DMD ) is a terrible recessionary X-linked signifier of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid patterned advance of musculus devolution. It is normally seen in males ( 1 in 3500 ) . Females are largely bearers, specifically do non demo any symptoms. The upset is caused by mutant in DMD cistron, located in human chromosome Xp21. DMD may ensue from m-RNA that contain out-of-frame displacement ( omissions, interpolations or splicing site mutants ) .This cistron codifications for Dystrophin protein, an of import structural constituent of musculus tissue. Dystrophin is responsible for linking the cytoskeleton of each musculus fibres to the underlying basal lamina through a protein complex incorporating many fractional monetary units. Symptom: The chief symptom of DMD is a progressive neuromuscular upset, is muscle failing associated with musculus blowing with the voluntary musculuss being affected, particularly pelvic and calf musculuss. Awkward mode of walking, running or stepping Frequent falls Fatigue Skeletal malformations ( scoliosis ) Increased lumbar hollow-back, taking to shortening of hip-flexor musculuss Pseudohypertophy of the calf musculuss Cardiacmyopathy is common Grower ‘s mark is seen in people who has terrible damage of lower appendages. DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY ( DMD ) is a familial disease in which the musculus of a patient ( male child ) suffers progressive harm, due to miss of dystrophin protein. It is a long unwellness in which the musculuss of a patient become bit by bit weaker and it later effects indispensable mechanism ( respiratory system, nervous system, bosom etc ) of the organic structure taking finally to decease of the DMD patient during early Twentiess ( 15 + year. )Diagnosis:Deoxyribonucleic acid trials Prenatal trials Muscle biopsy Deoxyribonucleic acid trials: The musculus -specific isoform of the dystrophin cistron is composed of 79exons, and DNA testing and analysis can normally place the specific type of mutant of the coding DNAs that are affected.DNA trial confirms the diagnosing in most instances. Prenatal trials: If one or both parents are bearers so there is a opportunity of inheriting to the following coevals, for this there are some antenatal trials. At 11-14 hebdomads of gestation chorionic villous sampling, at 15 hebdomads amniocentesis, at 18 hebdomads foetal blood sampling is done. Muscle biopsy: A little sample of musculus tissue is taken with a scalpel and a dye is applied that reveals the presence of dystrophin. Creatine kinase ( CPK-MM ) degrees will be high in blood watercourse. Familial testing can uncover familial mistakes in Xp21 cistron.Treatment:Corticosteroids such as Pediapred and deflazacort addition strength and energy of musculuss. Beta -2 agonists besides increase musculus strength Physical therapy is helpful to keep strength, flexibleness, and map Orthpaedic contraptions ( such as braces and wheelchairs ) may better mobility and self-care Stem cell replacing. Case survey: An 18-month-old male child was referred for neuromuscular rating and intervention following a visit with the household ‘s community baby doctor. Earlier lab work had revealed a Creatine Kinase ( CK ) degree of over 15,000 – consistent with neuromuscular disease. The male child ‘s female parent reported a household history of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ( DMD ) on her side. She has older kids, including another male child who is unaffected. Evaluation by a brain doctor, including a musculus biopsy, indicated the presence of DMD. The male child was referred to a paediatric rehabilitation medical specialty doctor for farther rating. Physical scrutiny showed the kid ‘s musculus tone was decreased, and he had pseudohypertrophy ( enlargement ) of his calf musculuss. He had full scope of gesture in his weaponries and legs, and was walking by himself. His female parent reported that he began walking at about 14 months of age. Although he moved reasonably good from sitting to standing, he did utilize a modified Gowers manoeuvre ( forcing up with his custodies on his articulatio genuss and legs, with his underside up, to accomplish a standing place ) . This is typical with Duchenne dystrophinopathy, bespeaking lower appendage failing around the hips and articulatio genuss. Neck musculus and upper appendage strength was satisfactory. The kid ‘s cognitive map appeared to be normal, and he was synergistic. His female parent reported that he participates good in age-appropriate activities with his equals. However, she did notice that he tired more easy than other kids his age. These findings are characteristic for DMD at an early age. The doctors discussed the kid ‘s hereafter with his parents, including possible intervention options as his disease progresses. Those options include assistive devices ( such as braces and mobility devices ) , physical and occupational therapy appraisals and intervention, and drug therapy. A familial counsellor interviewed the household and arranged for molecular familial testing to see if the kid has a cistron omission associated with DMD. Familial testing can assist nail the exact nature of DMD, every bit good as aid place if other household members could be affected. Referrals were besides made to societal services, to assist both the kid and his household place their strengths and demands within their community. As portion of the intervention program, the doctors recommended that the kid return to the neuromuscular clinic every six to twelve months for re-evaluation and necessary intercessions as he grows and develops. Timely intercessions, to assist forestall or decelerate complications related to DMD, will assist the kid maintain the best possible quality of life and might increase length of service. The male child was scheduled to undergo baseline testing of his strength, scope of gesture and functional ability by one of the healers the following clip he returns to clinic. Baseline proving can assist set up current map, every bit good as quantify the demand for and effectivity of specific interventions. Future baseline testing by cardiology and pulmonology services can besides assist the determination devising procedure.BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:Becker muscular dystrophy is similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but is less common and progresses more easy. This affects about 1 in 30,000 male childs than in females. This is a familial X-linked disease characterized by the change of the distrophin cistron merchandise, a structural protein of import for keeping unity of skeletal and cardiac musculus cell cytoskeleton. Changes are normally due to inframe omissions or point mutants of the distrophin cistron, which is located on the chromosome Xp211. The skeletal musculus in this patient besides showed about all of the histological characteristics of Becker muscular dystrophy, including mortification, regeneration, endomysial fibrosis, dividing fibres and unnatural fluctuation in fiber size. Cardiac failure is the most common cause of decease in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. It is postulated that impaired myocardium leads to an increased work load on the left ventricle, leads to go forth ventricular expansion and mitral valve distension. This patient had terrible myocardiopathy with left and right ventricular expansion and mitral and tricuspid valve distension. Pulmonary vascular thickener suggests the presence of left bosom failure with subsequent development of pneumonic high blood pressure taking to right ventricular distension and possible right bosom failure.Symptoms:Many childs with muscular dystrophy can follow normal form of development during first few old ages of life. But in clip the symptoms began to look. A kid with MD may get down to falter, toddle, hold trouble in traveling upstairs, and a toe walk. A kid may get down to fight to acquire up from sitting place or hold difficult clip in forcing things like waggon. Childs with MD develops enlarged calf musculus ( pseudohypertrophy ) as musculus tissue is replaced by fat. Frequent falls Trouble in running, hopping, leaping Loss of musculus mass Breathing jobs Congestive bosom failure Loss of balance and coordination, wearinessTrials:CPK blood trial Electromyography ( EMG ) nervus proving Muscle biopsy or familial blood trial Diagnosis: The trials to find what type of MD is involved and to govern out other diseases that could do the job. These might include a blood trial to step degrees of serum creatine kinase, an enzyme that ‘s released into the blood stream, when musculus fibres are deteriorating. Elevated degrees indicate that something is doing musculus harm. The physician besides may make a blood trial to look into the Deoxyribonucleic acid for cistron abnormalcies or a musculus biopsy to look for forms of impairment and unnatural degrees of dystrophin, a protein that helps muscle cells maintain their form and length. There are several major signifiers of muscular dystrophy, which can impact the musculuss to changing grades. In some instances, MD starts doing musculus jobs in babyhood ; in others, symptoms do n't look until maturity. There is no remedy for MD. Doctors are working on bettering musculus and joint map and decelerating musculus impairment so that those with MD can populate as actively and independently as possible. Treatment: There is no known remedy for Becker muscular dystrophy. The end of intervention is to command symptoms to maximise the life of the affected individual. Doctors prescribe steroids to assist maintain a patient walking for every bit long as possible. Activity is encouraged. Inactivity ( such as bed remainder ) can do the musculus disease worse. Physical therapy may be helpful to keep musculus strength. Orthopedic contraptions such as braces and wheelchairs may better mobility and self-care. Familial guidance may be recommended. Daughters of a adult male with Becker muscular dystrophy may transport the faulty cistron and could go through it onto their boies.Examples:( dual heterozygote ) : Becker muscular dystrophy and X-linked colour sightlessness Jonathan, a 10-year-old male child, has Becker muscular dystrophy and colour sightlessness. His female parent, Mary, has normal colour vision, but her two brothers and maternal uncle have red-green colour sightlessness. Based on her household history, Mary is an obligate heterozygote, or bearer, of the X-linked cistron mutant for colour sightlessness. Molecular proving confirms that she besides carries a omission in one of her X-linked DMD cistrons, which accounts for the Becker muscular dystrophy in her boy. Though the two conditions are unrelated, Mary is known to be heterozygous at two separate venues on the X chromosome and is hence a dual heterozygote.Case survey:A 28 twelvemonth old adult male was admitted for haemoptysis, dyspnoea, febrility, icinesss, sickness, emesis, and icterus. At age 12 old ages, he was noted to hold scoliosis, and he described trouble running. Additional clinical findings at the clip of his first rating were enlarged calf musculuss, atrophic thoracic mu sculuss, elevated creatine phosphokinase degrees, every bit good as an unnatural EMG and musculus microscopy. The patient was was non followed for his status between the ages of 12 and 24 old ages. At the age of 24 old ages, echocardiography showed a badly dilated left ventricle with terrible planetary hypokinesis, mild atrial expansion, possible mural apical thrombus, and a little pericardiac gush. The patient was placed on Vasotec and Lanoxin. Repeat echocardiogram at the age of 27 old ages showed similar findings, and the patient was placed on Coumadin anticoagulation to forestall cardiac mural thrombi and emboli. Four months prior to his concluding admittance, he was hospitalized briefly for pneumonia and left ventricular bosom failure with pneumonic congestion. Given his deteriorating cardiac position, the patient was later placed on the cardiac organ transplant list two hebdomads prior to admittance. Past medical history revealed that his younger brother was diagnosed at age 14 old ages with dilated myocardiopathy that resulted in decease three hebdomads following the oncoming of terrible acute congestive bosom failure. Two other siblings and his parents are free of bosom disease. When admitted, the patient had haemoptysis, dyspnoea, febrility, icinesss, sickness, emesis, and icterus. His international normalized ratio on admittance was 6.6, and his white blood cell count was 16,400/uL. A chest X ray showed a mass-like consolidation of the right lower lobe of lung. He continued to hold episodes of haemoptysis, elevated white blood cell counts and elevated international normalized ratios asking Vitamin K therapy. Five yearss after admittance, the patient noted chest firing following bronchioloalveolar lavage. Shortly thenceforth, he was found to be asystolic without respirations. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation failed, and the patient died. The necropsy was limited to the thorax.

Fool Chapter 4

FOUR THE DRAGON AND HIS WRATH[18] â€Å"Don't despair, lad,† I said to Taster. â€Å"It's not as grim as it looks. The bastard will stay Edgar and I'm relatively sure that France and Burgundy are buggering each other and would never let a princess come between them – although I'll wager they'd borrow her wardrobe were it not guarded – so the day is saved. Cordelia will remain in the White Tower to torment me as always.† We were in an antechamber off the great hall. Taster sat, head in hands, looking paler than normal, a mountain of food piled before him on the table. â€Å"The king doesn't like dates, does he?† asked Taster. â€Å"Not likely he'll eat any of the dates that were brought as gifts, right?† â€Å"Did Goneril or Regan gift them?† â€Å"Aye, a whole larder they brought with them.† â€Å"Sorry, lad, you've work ahead, then. How it is you're not as fat as a friar, with all you're required to eat, is beyond me.† â€Å"Bubble says I must have a city of worms living up my bum, but that ain't it. I've a secret, if you won't tell anyone – â€Å" â€Å"Go on lad, I'm hardly paying attention.† â€Å"What about him?† He nodded to Drool, who was sitting in the corner petting one of the castle cats. â€Å"Drool,† I called, â€Å"is Taster's secret safe with you?† â€Å"As dim as a snuffed candle, he is,† said the git in my voice. â€Å"Telling a secret to Drool is like casting ink in the night sea.† â€Å"See there,† said I. â€Å"Well,† said Taster, looking around as if anyone would want to be in our miserable company. â€Å"I'm sick a lot.† â€Å"Of course you are, it's the bloody Dark Ages, everyone has the plague or the pox. It's not like you're leprous and dropping fingers and toes like rose petals, is it?† â€Å"No, not sick like that. I just vomit nearly every time I eat.† â€Å"So you're a little chunder-monkey. Not to worry, Taster, you keep it down long enough for it to kill you, don't you?† â€Å"I reckon.† He nibbled at a stuffed date. â€Å"Duty done, then. All's well that ends well. But back to my concerns: Do you think France and Burgundy are poofters,[19] or are they, you know, just fucking French?† â€Å"I've never even seen them,† Taster said. â€Å"Oh, quite right. What about you, Drool? Drool? Stop that!† Drool pulled the damp kitten out of his mouth. â€Å"But it were licking me first. You said it was only proper manners – â€Å" â€Å"I was talking about something completely different. Put the cat down.† The heavy door creaked open and the Earl of Kent slipped into the room, as stealthy as a church bell rolling down stairs. Kent's a broad-shouldered bull of a fellow, and while he moves with great strength for his grandfather years, Grace and Subtlety remain blushing virgins in his retinue. â€Å"There you are, boy.† â€Å"What boy?† said I. â€Å"I see no boy here.† True, I only stand to Kent's shoulder, and it would take two of me and a suckling pig to balance him on a scale, but even a fool requires some respect, except from the king, of course. â€Å"Fine, fine. I just wanted to tell you not to make sport of feebleness nor age tonight. The king's been brooding all week about ‘crawling unburdened to the grave.' I think it's the weight of his sins.† â€Å"Well, if he weren't so dog-fuckingly old there would be no temptation toward mirth, would there? Not my fault, that.† Kent grinned then. â€Å"Pocket, you would not willfully hurt your master.† â€Å"Aye, Kent, and with Goneril and Regan and their lords in the hall there'll be no need to jest geriatric. Is that why the king has kept company only with you this week, brooding upon his years? He hasn't been planning on marrying off Cordelia then?† â€Å"He's spoken of it, but only as part of his entire legacy, of property and history. He seemed set on a course to hold the kingdom steady when I last left him. He bade me leave while he gave private audience to the bastard, Edmund.† â€Å"He's talking to Edmund? Alone?† â€Å"Aye. The bastard drew on his father's years of service for the favor.† â€Å"I must go to the king. Kent, stay here with Drool, if you would. There's food and drink to hold you. Taster, show good Kent the best of those dates. Taster? Taster? Drool, shake Taster, he appears to have fallen asleep.† Fanfare sounded then, a single anemic trumpet, the other three trumpeters having recently succumbed to herpes. (A sore on the lip is as bad as an arrow in the eye to a trumpeter. The chancellor had them put down, or maybe they'd just been made drummers. They weren't blowing bloody fanfare, that's all I'm saying.) Drool put down his kitten and climbed to his feet. â€Å"With grave offense to daughters three, Alas, the king a fool shall be,† said the giant in a lilting female voice. â€Å"Where did you hear that, Drool? Who said that?† â€Å"Pretty,† said Drool, massaging the air with his great meaty paws as if caressing a woman's breasts. â€Å"Time to go,† said Kent. The old warrior threw open the door into the hall. They stood all around the great table – round after the tradition of some long forgotten king – the center open to the floor where servants served, orators orated, and Drool and I performed. Kent took his place near the king's throne. I stood with some yeomen to the side of the fire and motioned for Drool to find a place to hide behind one of the stone pillars that supported the vault. Fools do not have a place at the table. Most times I served at the foot of the king, providing quips, criticisms, and brilliant observations through the meal, but only after he had called for me. Lear had not called for a week. He came into the room head up, scowling at each of his guests until his eye lit on Cordelia and he smiled. He motioned for everyone to sit and they did. â€Å"Edmund,† said the king, â€Å"fetch the princes of France and Burgundy.† Edmund bowed to the king and backed toward the main entrance of the hall, then looked to me, winked, and motioned for me to come join him. Dread rose in my chest like a black serpent. What had the bastard done? I should have cut his throat when I'd had the chance. I sidled down the side wall, the bells on the tips of my shoes conspicuously unhelpful in concealing my movement. The king looked to me, then away, as if the sight of me might cause rot on his eye. Once through the door Edmund pulled me roughly aside. The big yeoman at the threshold lowered the blade of his halberd an inch and frowned at the bastard. Edmund released me and looked bewildered, as if his own hand had betrayed him. (I bring food and drink to the guards when they are on post during feasts. I believe it is written in the Obfuscations of St. Pesto: â€Å"In nine cases out of ten, a large friend with a poleax shall truly a blessing be.†) â€Å"What have you wrought, bastard?† I whispered with great fury and no little spit. â€Å"Only what you wanted, fool. Your princess will have no husband, that I can assure, but even your sorceries won't keep you safe if you reveal my strategy.† â€Å"My sorceries? What? Oh, the ghost.† â€Å"Yes, the ghost, and the bird. When I was crossing the battlement, a raven called me a tosser and shat on my shoulder.† â€Å"Right, my minions are everywhere,† said I, â€Å"and you're right to fear my canny mastery of the heavenly orbs and command of spirits and whatnot. But lest I unleash something unpleasant upon you, tell me, what did you say to the king?† Edmund smiled then, which I found more unsettling than his blade. â€Å"I heard the princesses speaking amongst themselves about their affections for their father earlier in the day, and was enlightened to their character. I merely hinted to the king that he might ease his burden with the same knowledge.† â€Å"What knowledge?† â€Å"Go find out, fool. I'm off to fetch Cordelia's suitors.† And he was away. The guard held the door and I slipped back into the hall and to a spot near the table. The king, it seemed, had only then finished a roll call of sorts, naming each of his friends and family at court, proclaiming his affection for each, and in the cases of Kent and Gloucester, recalling their long history of battles and conquests together. Bent, white-haired, and slight is the king, but there is a cold fire in his eye still – his visage puts one in mind of a hunting bird fresh unhooded and set for its kill. â€Å"I am old, and my burdens of responsibility and property weigh heavily on me, so to avoid conflict in the future, I propose to divide my kingdom among younger strengths now, so I may crawl to the grave light of heart.† â€Å"What better than a light-hearted grave crawl?† I said softly to Cornwall, villainous twat that he is. I crouched between him and his duchess, Regan. Princess Regan: tall, fair, raven-haired, with a weakness for plunging red velvet gowns and another for rascals, both grievous faults had they not played out so pleasurably for this teller of tales. â€Å"Oh, Pocket, did you get the stuffed dates I sent you?† Regan asked. And generous to a fault as well. â€Å"Shhhhhh, bunny cunny,† I shushed. â€Å"Father is speaking.† Cornwall drew his dagger and I moved along the table to Goneril's side. Lear went on: â€Å"These properties and powers I will divide between my sons-in-law, the Duke of Albany and the Duke of Cornwall, and that suitor who takes the hand of my beloved Cordelia, but so I may determine who shall have the most bounteous share, I ask of my daughters: Which of you loves me most? Goneril, my eldest born, speak first.† â€Å"No pressure, pumpkin,† I whispered. â€Å"I have this, fool,† she snapped, and with a great smile and no little grace, she made her way around the outside of the round table and to the opening at the center, bowing to each of the guests as she went. She is shorter and rather more round than her sisters, more generously padded in bosom and bustle, her eyes a grey sky short of emerald, her hair a yellow sun short of ginger. Her smile falls on the eye like water on the tongue of a thirst-mad sailor. I slid into her chair. â€Å"A handsome creature is she,† I said to the Duke of Albany. â€Å"That one breast, the way it juts a bit to the side – when she's naked, I mean – does that bother you at all? Make you wonder what it's looking at over there – bit like a wall-eyed man you think is always talkin' to someone else?† â€Å"Hush, fool,† Albany said. He is nearly a score years older than Goneril, goatish and dull, methinks, but somewhat less of a scoundrel than the average noble. I do not loathe him. â€Å"Mind you, it's obviously part of the pair, not some breast-errant off on a quest of its own. I like a bit of asymmetry in a woman – makes me suspicious when Nature's too evenhanded – fearful symmetry and all. But it's not like you're shaggin' a hunchback or anything – I mean, once she's on ‘er back it's hard to get either one of them to look you in the eye, innit?† â€Å"Shut up!† barked Goneril, having turned her back on her father – which one is never supposed to do – in order to scold me. Bloody clumsy etiquette that. â€Å"Sorry. Go on,† said I, waving her on with Jones, who jingled gaily. â€Å"Sir,† she addressed the king, â€Å"I love you more than words can say. I love you more than eyesight, space, and liberty. I love you beyond anything that can be valued, rich or rare. No less than life itself, with grace, health, beauty, and honor. As much as any child or father has loved, so I love thee. A love that takes my breath away and makes me scarcely able to speak. I love you above all things, even pie.† â€Å"Oh bollocks!† Who had said it? I was relatively sure it was not my voice, as it hadn't come from the normal hole in my face, and Jones had been silent as well. Cordelia? I scooted out of Goneril's chair and scampered to the junior princess's side, staying low to avoid attention or flying cutlery. â€Å"Bloody buggering bollocks!† said Cordelia. Lear, refreshed from his shower of flowered bullshit, said, â€Å"What?† I stood then. â€Å"Well, sirrah, lovable as thou art, the lady's profession strains credibility. It's no secret how much the bitch loves pie.† I crouched again quickly. â€Å"Silence, fool! Chamberlain, bring me the map.† The distraction had worked, the king's ire had turned from Cordelia to me. She took the opportunity to poke me in the ear-lobe with her fork. â€Å"Ouch!† Whispered, yet emphatic. â€Å"Tart.† â€Å"Knave.† â€Å"Harpy.† â€Å"Rodent.† â€Å"Whore.† â€Å"Whoremonger.† â€Å"Do you have to pay to be a whoremonger? Because strictly speaking – â€Å" â€Å"Shhh,† she said, grinning. She poked me in the ear again, then nodded toward the king, that we should pay attention. The king pointed to the map with a bejeweled dagger. â€Å"All these lands, from here to here, with rich farmlands, bounteous rivers, and deep forests, I do grant to Goneril and her husband, Albany, and to their offspring in perpetuity. Now, we must hear from our second daughter. Dearest Regan, wife to Cornwall. Speak.† Regan made her way to the center floor, looking down at her older sister, Goneril, as she passed, as if to say, â€Å"I'll show you.† She raised her arms out to her sides, trailing the long, velvet sleeves down to the floor so she described the shape of a grand and bosomy crucifix. She looked to the ceiling as if drawing inspiration from the heavenly orbs themselves, then pronounced: â€Å"What she said.† â€Å"Huh?† said the king, and verily â€Å"huh† was echoed around the room. Regan seemed to realize that she should probably go on. â€Å"My sister has expressed my thoughts exactly – as if she may have looked at my notes even before we here entered. Except I love thee more. In the list of all senses, all fall short, and I am touched by nothing but your love.† She bowed then, looking up a bit to see if anyone was buying it. â€Å"I'm going to be sick,† said Cordelia, probably louder than was really necessary, as were the coughing and gagging noises she perpetrated thereafter. Deflecting, I stood and said, â€Å"She's been touched by a bit more than his majesty's love, I dare say. I mean, in this very room I can name – â€Å" The king shot me his best Must I chop off your head? look and I fell silent. He nodded and looked to the map. â€Å"To Regan and Cornwall I leave this third of the kingdom, no smaller or less valuable than that bestowed upon Goneril. Now, Cordelia, our joy, who is courted by so many eligible young nobles, what can you say to receive a third more opulent than your sisters?† Cordelia stood at her chair, not making her way to the middle of the room as her sisters had. â€Å"Nothing,† she said. â€Å"Nothing?† asked the king. â€Å"Nothing.† â€Å"You'll get nothing for nothing,† said Lear. â€Å"Speak again.† â€Å"Well, you can't blame her, really, can you?† I interjected. â€Å"I mean you've given all the good bits to Goneril and Regan, haven't you? What's left, a bit of Scotland rocky enough to starve a sheep and this poxy river near Newcastle?† I'd taken the liberty of going over to the map. â€Å"I'd say nothing is a fair start for bargaining. You should counter with Spain, majesty.† Now Cordelia moved to the center of the room. â€Å"I'm sorry, Father, that I can't heave my heart into my mouth like my sisters. I love you according to my bond as a daughter, no more, no less.† â€Å"Be careful what you say, Cordelia,† said Lear. â€Å"Your dowry is draining away with every word.† â€Å"My lord, you have sired me, raised me, and loved me. I return those duties back, as is proper: I obey you, love you, and most honor you. But how can my sisters say they love you above all? They have husbands. Don't they have to reserve some love for them?† â€Å"Yes, but have you met their husbands?† said I. There was growling from various points around the table. How can you call yourself a noble if you'll just start growling for no reason. Uncivilized, it is. â€Å"When I shall marry, you can rest assured that my husband will get at least half my care and half my love as well. To say anything else I'd be lying to you.† This was Edmund's doing, I was sure of it. Somehow he'd known that Cordelia would answer this way and had convinced the king to ask the question. And she did not know that her father had been wrestling with his own mortality and worth for the week. I hopped over to the princess and whispered, â€Å"Lying now would be the better part of valor. Repent later. Throw the old gent a bone, lass.† â€Å"So this is how you feel?† asked the king. â€Å"Aye, my lord. It is.† â€Å"So young and so untender,† said Lear. â€Å"So young, my lord, and true,† said Cordelia. â€Å"So young, and so bloody stupid,† said the puppet Jones. â€Å"Fine, child. So be it. Let your truth be your dowry, then. For by the radiance of the sun, the dark of the night, all the saints, the Holy Mother, the orbs of the sky, and Nature herself, I disown you.† In his spirituality Lear is – well – flexible. When pressed for a curse or a blessing he will sometimes invoke gods from a half-dozen pantheons, just to be sure to catch the ear of whichever might be on watch that day. â€Å"No property, land, or title shall be yours. Cannibals of darkest Merica, who would sell their own young in the meat market, shall be closer to me than you, my used-to-be daughter.† I wondered about that. No one had ever seen a Merican, being as they are mythical. Legend goes that in the name of profit they did sell the limbs of their own children as food – that was before they burned the world, of course. Since I didn't expect a state visit from the merchant cannibals of the apocalypse anytime soon, it appeared my liege was either herniating the metaphor or speaking the tongue of a frothing nutter. Kent stood then. â€Å"My liege!† â€Å"Sit down, Kent!† the king barked. â€Å"Come not between the dragon and his wrath. I loved her the best, and hoped that she would take care of me in my dotage, but since she doesn't love me enough, only in the grave will there be peace for Lear.† Cordelia looked more confused than hurt. â€Å"But, Father – â€Å" â€Å"Out of my sight! Where is France? Where is Burgundy? Finish this business! Goneril, Regan, your younger sister's share of the kingdom shall be divided between you. Let Cordelia marry her own pride. Cornwall and Albany shall divide the power and property of a king evenly. I shall retain only my title and enough of a stipend to maintain one hundred knights and their carriers. You shall keep me from month to month in your own castles, but the kingdom shall be yours.† â€Å"Royal Lear, this is madness!† Kent again, now making his way around the table to the center floor. â€Å"Careful, Kent,† said Lear. â€Å"The bow of my anger is bent, don't make me loose the arrow.† â€Å"Loose it if you must. You'd kill me for being bold enough to tell you that you're mad? The best of loyalty is that a loyal man has the courage to speak plainly when his leader moves to folly. Reverse your decision, sir. Your youngest daughter doesn't love you least because she's quiet, any more than those who speak loudest are the most sincere.† The older sisters and their husbands were on their feet at that. Kent glared at them. â€Å"No more, Kent,† the king warned. â€Å"On your life, not another word.† â€Å"What has my life ever been, but a thing I risked in service for you? Protecting you? Threaten my life as you will, it will not stop me from telling you that you do wrong, sir!† Lear started to draw his sword then and I knew he had truly lost all sense of judgment, if turning on his favorite daughter and closest advisor and friend hadn't shown it already. If Kent decided to defend himself he'd go through the old man like a scythe through a wheat straw. It was unfolding too fast, even for a fool to stay the king's blade with wit. I could only watch. But Albany moved quickly down the table and stayed the king's hand, pushing his sword back down into the scabbard. Kent grinned then, the old bear, and I saw that he wouldn't have drawn blade on the old man at all. He would have died to make his point to the king. What's more, Lear knew it, too, but there was no mercy in his eye and the madness had gone cold. He shook himself free of Albany's grasp, and the duke backed away. When Lear spoke again his voice was low, restrained, but palsied with hate: â€Å"Hear me, thou traitorous ferret. No one challenges my authority, my decisions, or my vows – to do so on British land is death, and in the rest of the known world is war. I'll not have it. Your years of service noted, I give you your life, but only your life, and never again in my sight. You have five days, Kent, to provision yourself, and on the sixth day, turn your back on our kingdom forever. If twelve days pass and you are still in the land, your life is forfeit. Now go, this is my decree and it shall not be revoked.† Kent was shaken. This was not the blade he had braced for. He bowed then. â€Å"Fare thee well, king. I go, for I dare to question a power so high that you give it away for a flattering tongue.† He turned to Cordelia then: â€Å"Take heart, girl, you've spoken truly and done nothing wrong. May the gods protect you.† He turned on a heel, putting his back to the king, something I'd never seen him do before, and marched out, pausing only a second to look at Regan and Goneril. â€Å"Well lied, you spiteful bitches.† I wanted to cheer the old brute, write a poem for him, but the hall had fallen silent and the sound of the great oaken door closing behind Kent echoed through the hall like the first thunder of a world-breaking storm. â€Å"Well,† said I, dancing to the middle of the floor. â€Å"I think that went about as well as could be expected.†

An Examination of Rips Character in Irvings Rip Van Winkle

Irving Rip Van Winkle watches Rip's character Washington Owen and writes about Rip Van Winkle and people in the USA. At this time, society is changing dramatically. America is trying to fight by forming its own identity. America wants to have identity to release them from British culture and domination. Owen uses his protagonist Rip Van Winkle to symbolize America. Rip experienced the same fight as the United States experienced before and after the revolution. The role and symbol of Rip in Washington Rip Van Winkle of Irving Rip Van Winkle is a well-known story. Without a doubt, as a child, many of you have heard the famous story of Washington Irving about this guy sleeping for 20 years. People will not forget elves where Rip Van Winkle spent the night at the amphitheater. As with many stories, Irving 's Lip Van Winkle was said to have formed quite a lot of Washington Irving' s Lip Van Winkle which shaped the American culture darkly. I do not like it, Washington Owen said. Letter to a friend (Letter 446) This statement reveals Irving's strong emotional state and shows a strong social atmosphere and his personal conflict in many respects in the formation of the sketchbook . After his family went bankrupt Irving Rip Van Winkle watches Rip's character Washington Owen and writes about Rip Van Winkle and people in the USA. At this time, society is changing dramatically. America is trying to fight by forming its own identity. America wants to have identity to release them from British culture and domination. Owen uses his protagonist Rip Van Winkle to symbolize America. Rip experienced the same fight as the United States experienced before and after the revolution. The whole story of Washington Irving, Lip van Winkle is full of metaphors on the new American society and how it established identity before and after the American Revolution. Irving's Rip Van Winkle metaphor covers the revolutionary experience that depicts America before the British rule, the early Americ an colonies under British rule, and the American society seen in England. And his wife, Dame Van Winkle, explained about the UK. The general public represents the whole American society and represents a way to change as it becomes an independent country. Americans try to avoid the tyranny of crown just as Lip does everything possible to escape from his arrogant wife.

Inheritance Lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inheritance Lab - Essay Example 2. Identify and record your possible genotypes based on your phenotypes. Genotypes are represented using two alleles. Identify the alleles using the letters indicated below (capital letter indicates dominant allele, lowercase indicates recessive allele): 3. Using your possible genotypes, identify and record all of the possible pairings of parental genotypes that could have led to your possible genotypes. Crosses are denoted in this form: FF x Ff and indicates the genotypes of both parents. You should list all of the possible crosses that could lead to your phenotype. Use the chart below to record the observations of your phenotypes and to record your inferences regarding your genotype and all of the possible crossings of parental genotypes that can account for your genotype. Phenotypes are expressed with a single letter related to the trait. Genotypes include both alleles and are, thus, expressed with two letters (one for each allele). Possible parental genotypes and crosses consist of two genotypes crossed. For instance, a freckled person will have a phenotype of F and possible genotypes of FF and Ff. One of the possible parental genotype and crosses is (FF x Ff). Be sure to list all possible parental genotypes in terms of possible crosses. Crosses are denoted in this form: FF x Ff and you should list all of the possible crosses that could lead to your phenotype. It was observed that the presence of a dominant gene in the genotype always led to the expression of the dominant trait, which is seen as the phenotype. In addition, the occurrence of a certain genotype could result from the crossing of several possible parental genotypes. This lab provided knowledge that recessive traits were denoted by small letters while dominant traits were denoted by capital letters. One component of my genotype came from each parent due to

Internet and Ideology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internet and Ideology - Assignment Example By contrast science’s acceptance was objectively linked with the perception of agreement among the scientists. Rejection of scientific propositions repeatedly implicates conspiracist ideation even without insufficient empirical evidence. Lewandowsky et al. analyzed the response of climate blogosphere to LOG12 publication and followed the hypotheses surfacing in response to LOG12. The multi-phased search involved sampling of LOG12-related Internet activity and deriving six criteria to permit hypotheses’ classification pertaining to potentially conspiracist LOG12. Use of established criteria showed how many hypotheses reflected counterfactual thinking and conspiratorial material. Conspiracist ideation possibly has a role in the rejection of science. To explore the relative importance of projecting alternative explanations in contrast to rejecting conventional explanations for events, Wood and Douglas studied conspiracist and conventionalist comments on news websites. They found conspiracist commentators having greater tendency to argue against opposing interpretation and lesser tendency to argue for their own interpretation or to put forth an account explicitly whereas conventionalist commenters demonstrated the reverse trend. Research led to identification of a range of differences between conspiracists and

Educational Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Educational Evaluation - Essay Example This would provide an opportunity to introduce the standards to teachers and allow them to infuse them into their curriculum and develop assessment based on their understanding of the critical/creative thinking standards. 4. Allow teachers the time to use these strategies and assessment principles in their classrooms in an attempt to help them develop their own individuality when designing and assessing instruction while at the same time providing them with innovative experimentation. 5. Reunite with teachers to dialogue about what they thought was effective and ineffective, their evaluation of the critical thinking standards, and what barriers they felt impeded their abilities to utilize this manner of instruction and assessment. Having a healthy dialogue with teachers about critical/creative thinking and then affording them the time to utilize methods and strategies for teaching and assessing thinking would allow teachers to think about and identify their own practices. Building metacognitive opportunities into the process, would allow teachers to think creatively and intellectually about their own teaching processes. This would motivate them to recognize what they thought was valuable and what they thought should be changed in their curriculum and instructional methods, along with recognizing where they might be able to learn more about critical and creative thinking and instruction. All good decisions and solutions to problems require a clear understanding of what the actual problem is. Helping students separate causes from solutions, symptoms from problems, and sub-problems from real problems is essential for teaching students to think critically. For example, defining the wrong problem can send a student down the wrong path to, at a minimum, irrelevant solutions, and ensure that she will not understand the subject matter or concepts she is examining. Helping students define problems to take what they are learning and phrase inquiry in the form of questions to be answered through research and collaboration is a goal of critical instruction. Helping students see the goals and objectives in what they are studying is essential to help them understand subject matter. Many problems with students' understanding of, for example, biology or history come with the fact that they do not know why they are studying biology or history what biologists and historians attempt to accomplish through their scholarly endeavors. By not identifying the goals contained within various disciplines, students cannot be expected to understand the discipline as a system. For example, without understanding what a biologist seeks to accomplish by studying cells, let's say, the student cannot possibly hope to identify biological problems in the area of cellular formation or development. It cannot be taken for granted that students understand what historians, biologists, mathematicians, artists, or journalists do; in fact, it should be assumed the opposite and engage students in discussions as to the purposes behind studying one subject or another. Simi larly,

The role of Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of Intellectual Property - Essay Example A copyright establishes ownership f original works f authorship "fixed" in any actual medium f expression. A copyright applies to the expression f an idea, whether published or not. Once an original work is created and fixed, copyright exists. The idea f the author is not protected when it is just "in his or her head." The author's work must be "fixed" in a tangible medium f expression. For example, it can be handwritten or typed; dictated into a tape recorder; acted out in front f a video recorder; carved into clay, wax or stone; stored on a computer chip; or even woven into fabric. Once the author's original work is created and fixed, only the author or those the author permit may create other works based on the original. The author alone may authorize distribution, display or performance f his or her work. In order to make money by allowing others to use their work, the author should first consider obtaining copyright registration. The following examples are items that can be copyright. Examples include: books, poetry, plays, short stories, articles, comic books, musical compositions (words and/or music), audio and video recordings, choreographic works, pantomimes, motion pictures, filmstrips, TV programs, photographs, paintings, drawings, prints, maps, architectural plans, scale models, sculpture, craft works, jewellery designs, fabric designs, computer programs and data-bases. Firstly, copyrights protect ... Their works are protected for a minimum period f 50 years after their death (The WTO, 2004). The main purposes f copyrights are to encourage and reward creative work. This brings us to Industrial Property Law, which as we have said, is divided into 2 categories. The first are is described as the protection f distinctive signs, i.e. Trademarks. This type f protection is aimed at ensuring fair completion, but it also protects the consumer by enabling him to choose between various products. This type f protection differ form copyrights in that it lasts indefinitely (The WTO, 2004). The second type f industrial property protection can be basically being called patents. This type f protection is used to stimulate the innovation and design f new technology. It basically protects the investments made to develop new technology. Patent protection is usually given in finite terms, mainly about 20 years (The WTO, 2004). This then brings us to the reason why IPRS are so important in GPE. IPRS protect the investments that firms and nations make in the development f knowledge and technology. This means that if nations and firms can keep others form just using their inventions it can generate enormous wealth for them. Intellectual property rights have thus become a major international issue enjoying much attention form bodies like the WTO and nations owning major patents. In GPE, one can as always use the three main perspectives f GPE, Liberal, Mercantilist and Structural, to view the IPRS issue. If we look at the Liberal perspective, we can see that they see property rights as essential to a market economy (Balaam, D.N. & Veseth, M. 2001, p.214). It establishes a link between effort and reward. They believe that

A Worn Path Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

A Worn Path - Essay Example The setting of the story as written by the author is based on the Natchez Trace as well as the town of Natchez. Phoenix who is the protagonist in the video is an elderly Black American woman who subsequently goes on a heroic quest to rightly procure medicine for her beloved ill grandson. Throughout the story, the author uses different literary devices in order to make the story interesting. The Video also delivers the unforgettable character in the Black American woman, who does not even know when she was born. From the video, critics are well evident throughout the storyline. The various literary devices that are highly used in the video include allusion, metaphor, imagery, Simile and alteration. Allusion is a literary device that is used in the main character of the story, Phoenix. The name of phoenix is the similar to the mythical bird that subsequently raises the air and eventually bursts into flames. This bird is consumed by fire and when it gets burnt, a new phoenix spring emerges from the ashes. The old black woman is also old to walk in the difficult on her way to Natchez to get the medicine for her grandson. However, her age does not matter as the only thing that she believes in is that she has to have his medicine or die while trying. Metaphor is another literary device that is used in the video. From the video, it is quoted that the black woman walked slowly, a little side to side with a well-balanced heaviness, and with the lightness of the pendulum in the grandfather clock. Through such use of literary device, the author makes the character as well as the story to come into life. The Black old woman ambles in the cold, while she walks on the path multiple times for the sake of her grandson. However, due to his old age, her footing is quite unsure and she is seen to waver from side to side while walking. Imagery is also evident in the video. Throughout the

Retail Marketing Strategy Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Retail Marketing Strategy Management - Essay Example The products are completely associated with the retail stores at which they are available. Through positioning your retail store builds a certain image of your products in the minds of the people which ultimately generates the volume of customers for your retail store. Retail stores in Singapore are extremely cosmopolitan, complex and sophisticated with nearly every international retailer present there. These retail stores usually depend on high volume of customers for generating their sales. Therefore in order to position the retail store in Singapore in order to gain competitive advantage, there is a need to focus on the market niches and increase sales through regionalization. Strategic allies can also be formed with the international retailers in order to gain competitive advantage. The type of image that a retail store would project for its customers in the target segment harbor should be such that their products and not just the brand it carries should be positioned. The image of a retail store should be that of a brand that adds value to the purchase of the shoppers. Brand positioning is highly important for retail stores at Singapore because the competition is increasing and new competitors are arriving in the market with more efficient strategies. Therefore, in order to gain competitive advantage, brand positioning can be done by: The retail marketplace at Singapore is highly saturated with ... A brand adding value to the purchase of the shoppers so that they are willing to spend more A retail store selling products and not just the brand EXAM QUESTION 2: INTERNATIONAL CONSUMERS' MARKET IN SINGAPORE Introduction The retail marketplace at Singapore is highly saturated with a number of international players. The population of Singapore also consists of a number of tourists and foreigners as Singapore is one of the best tourism spot. Therefore the retail market for international consumers in Singapore is full of opportunities. Since the international consumers have high spending patterns, therefore, targeting this market niche can result in a number of prospective sales. Discussion and Analysis Singapore is a tourism spot for a number of international visitors. At every time in the year, you will find a considerable amount of international consumers in the country. Therefore, the market of the international consumers, if properly targeted and positioned, can generate great retail business and attract a high volume of consumers. The international consumers are usually unaware of the prices and therefore make purchases through the retail stores which they know of and which are mostly international retail stores. The Singaporean retail stores should also target the international consumers due to the increased competition and also because a large population in Singapore comprises of international consumers. The attractiveness of the market for international consumers is evident from the fact that the retail marketplace in Singapore is highly competitive with each retailer targeting specific market niches. Therefore, the market for international consumers is another market

Understanding Property Markets. To what extent does property market Essay

Understanding Property Markets. To what extent does property market failure give a necessary and sufficient case for public intervention using planning controls - Essay Example current financial crisis clearly indicates that the nexus of the financial as well as property market can lead to the overall failure of the markets because the volatile nature of one market can readily impact another market if they are correlated with each other in any sense. In the past, it has been the practice of the financial institutions that they greatly offered easy money which allowed relatively higher volume of people to buy their own homes. This phenomenon, however, also gave rise to the speculative activity within the market which not only led to the price appreciation but also made the market more volatile and prone to economic shocks. This effect has been so much that it was estimated that more than 590 billion British Pounds were wiped out from the property market only during 2008. (Knapton, 2008). Such symptoms indicate that the property market is prone to failure and as such may require the government intervention in the market through planning controls. This essay will discuss whether the recent failure makes a case for government to intervene in the property market or not. It is argued that the free markets do not always provide the efficient allocation of resources. There are various causes of market failure and as such information imperfections, externalities as well as capital market imperfections are some of the causes which can be cited as the few major reasons behind the failure of the markets. (Keep,2006). Whether government shall intervene into markets to correct them or not is an issue of great debate which has been re-emerged again. During 1990s, it was argued that the extension of credit has a greater macroeconomic impact on the economy as credit has extensive linkages with different markets such as property markets as well as consumer durables.(Eichengreen & Mitchener, 2004). Property markets along with other markets, therefore, started to grow and reached to a level where it failed to accommodate the economic shocks and resulted

The Underestimation of Violent Sexual Offender Recidivism Essay Example for Free

The Underestimation of Violent Sexual Offender Recidivism Essay The sex offender varies in types of crimes.   Some have committed violent sexual assaults on strangers, have had inappropriate sexual contact with family members, molested children, and others have engaged in a wide range of other inappropriate and criminal sexual behaviors.   A homogenous category of â€Å"sex offenders,† in terms of distinguishing factors linked to recidivism will be hidden and unreliable results will be obtained from studies of recidivism patterns.   Therefore, how can we predict specific violent sex offender reoffense, with an aim to integrate these results logically within existing databases? The common sources of data are from NCVS (National Crime Victim Surveys), survey of State Prison Inmates, and FBI files.    These reports list the overall characteristics of victims and offenders such as background, education, psychological profiles etcand are collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.   In addition, the reporting of sexual offenses is very hard on the part of victims due to shame, guilt and trauma, altering the accuracy of the data. This is particular true in the case of children and teenagers victims.   Prediction of reoffense along with an offender’s profile may help prevent the failure of rehabilitation.   Prediction must be based on an acceptable and standard method of determination in order to be included within these existing databases.   In addition, the integration of the recidivism data into these databases must be based on the consideration of certain factors: Understanding general crime recidivism as opposed to sex offense reoffense Historical characteristics as static factors Characteristics, circumstances, and attitudes that can change throughout one’s life or dynamic factors The overall recidivism rate of a certain group of sex offenders Reconciliation of observed data contradictions For a variety of reasons, sexual assault is a vastly underreported crime. The National Crime Victimization Surveys (Bureau of Justice Statistics) conducted in 1994, 1995, and 1998 indicate that only 32 percent (one out of three) of sexual assaults against persons 12 or older are reported to law enforcement.   (Kilpatrick, Edmunds,, 1992) A review of studies showed that the recidivism rate for specific types of offenders varied.   Research suggests that many offenders have histories of assaulting across genders and age groups, rather than against only one specific victim population. (Marshall Barbaree, 1990): Incest offenders ranged between 4 and 10 percent Rapists ranged between 7 and 35 percent Child molesters with female victims ranged between 10 and 29 percent Child molesters with male victims ranged between 13 and 40 percent In their summary of the research on the recidivism of rapists, Quinsey, Lalumiere, Rice, and Harris noted that the significant variation in recidivism across studies of rapists is likely due to differences in the types of offenders involved (institutionalized offenders, mentally disordered offenders, or probationers). (Quinsey, Lalumiere, Rice, Harris, 1995) Studies on sex offender recidivism vary broadly in the quality and rigor of the research design, the sample of sex offenders and behaviors included in the study, the length of follow-up, and the criteria for success or failure.   Finally, since base rate differences have been identified across types of sex offenses, it makes sense to study recidivism of sex offenders by offense type. To overcome these consistency problems, meta-analysis reviews of research studies can be very useful in summarizing the scope of certain types of offenses collated with the offenders themselves and their types of victims. (Hanson Bussiere, 1998) In sum, because meta-analysis findings can be generalized across studies and samples, they offer the most reliable estimation of factors associated with the recidivism of sex offenders. References Hanson, R. K., Bussiere, M. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 348-362. Quinsey, V. L., Lalumiere, M. L., Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T. (1995). Predicting sexual offenses (J.C. Campbell, Ed.). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage. Marshall, W. L., Barbaree, H. E. (1990). Outcomes of comprehensive cognitive-behavioral treatment programs. New York: Plenum. Kilpatrick, D. G., Edmunds, C. N., Seymour, A. (1992). Rape in America: A report to the nation (Victims of Crime and Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center). Washington DC, DC: National Center for Victims of Crime and Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center.

Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Euthanasia Essay What is euthanasia? The simplest definition of euthanasia is just a painless death (Euthanasia). The word is most commonly used with when speaking about an animal that is suffering, â€Å"Oh what happened to your dog? † â€Å"He was unbearably ill so we had him euthanized. † However, euthanasia does not always apply to animals; it can be used in regard to any organism, including human beings. When humans put down animals there is never the question of why we should do it. The animal is most likely suffering and has very little to live for, and the decision to euthanize an animal is a much easier decision to make by virtue of it not being a human. But what if it were a human life? What if a fully autonomous individual wished for a painless release from their suffering? Would you let them do it? Would you intervene? How can you say whether or not that their decision is right when you have never experienced what they are? However, the overall arching question to euthanizing humans is, should it be legal? When ether was first used on October 16th, 1846 doctors of that time began to use the pain killer to relieve patients suffering at the ends of their lives (Accidental Inventions). It took only twenty-four years before a man named Samuel Williams proposed using the anesthesia to intentionally end an individual’s life. Williams’s suggestion sparked an argument that would last till the current day. However, a very heated portion of the debate on euthanasia took place in the thirty-five years following Williams’s assertion. The debate reached its peak in 1906 when a bill was pushed in Ohio to legalize euthanasia (the bill was defeated) (Emanuel). After 1906 support for euthanasia waxed and waned depending on the economic and political events of the time (i. . support was high during the great depression but then took a major blow when it was discovered to be used in concentration camps) (http://euthanasia. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=000130). However, the history of euthanasia dates back much farther than just its debate in America. In fact, the issue of euthanasia dates back to the Roman Empire where physicians often preformed ‘mercy killings’ for patients (the doctors that did this were also doing it in violation of their Hippocratic Oath). After the Roman Empire the practice of euthanasia declined as the now dominant religion of Christianity opposed it. The following several hundred years saw a mostly one sided argument on euthanasia, until Samuel Williams began pushing for it in 1870. The following 130 years would see the most turmoil the debate on euthanasia had ever experienced, most of the argument taking place in America. Societies supporting euthanasia were formed, bills were proposed, economic climate changed people’s view of it, war changed their view again, petitions were made, and arguments over patient’s rights were had. After nearly 1900 years of nothing but opposition support for euthanasia picked up and fought back. The debate climaxed during the 1990’s with Dr. Jack Kevorkian starting to euthanize terminally ill patients who requested it of him. Dr. Kevorkian’s first assisted suicide took place on June 4th, 1990 and it wasn’t his last. Over the next eight years Dr. Kevorkian performed many euthanasia procedures the last being in November 1998 where Kevorkian showed the euthanization of a man on national T. V. , resulting in his arrest and his conviction the following year (Dowbiggin). Now, thirteen years after his conviction, Kevorkian is still a well known name, but whenever his name is used it is generally in a negative context. But should a man who helped so many people have his name sullied in such a manner? With Kevorkian’s arrest and conviction the major debate on euthanasia began to die down, leaving thirty-four states with laws that explicitly make euthanasia illegal, nine states with euthanasia governed by common law, five states have unclear laws regarding it, and only two states with legal euthanasia (Oregon and Washington) (Assisted Suicide Laws State by State). But should those be the only two states who allow their citizens the right to a graceful death? Should only 1/25 of the United States be given an option that should be available to all of the country? The lack of a legal euthanasia processes in forty-eight of the fifty states is an infringement upon United States citizens rights as human beings. In addition to completely fulfilling citizen’s civil rights a legal practice of euthanasia would save many people (including the government) money, and performing a euthanization would not even conflict with a doctors Hippocratic Oath as some people claim. The United States Constitution was written with the goal to set up a strong government that guaranteed the individual rights of her citizens. It states that citizens are granted â€Å"†¦certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. †(The Declaration of Independence). Should euthanasia not fall under the right to pursue happiness? When an individual is terminally ill their quality of life generally declines as they come to the nd of their life. A cancer patient who has struggled for years and is now losing their valiant battle will unfortunately not come to a graceful end. As the cancer cell begin to multiply and take over its victims can experience uncontrollable vomiting and voiding of the bowels, relentless pain, excessive bleeding from the smallest of cuts, drowning in their own bodily fluids, or dying from another horrific disease that slipped by the suppressed immune system (Orac). These are all possible deaths that one could experience from cancer, and not one of them is appealing, nor are these deaths limited to cancer alone there are many other types of ailments that can result in just as unpleasant deaths. If a patient is suffering from one of those diseases their last days alive will most likely be some of their most unpleasant. The unfortunate truth is that people suffering in such manners will most likely have little to no happiness left in their lives. There is only one path that can lead to some measure of happiness for those meeting such an unpleasant demise and that path is a graceful death. So if being released from one’s suffering brings happiness shouldn’t it be protected by the U. S. Constitution? In addition to the preamble of the Constitution supporting euthanasia there are two amendments in it that also support euthanasia. The Eighth Amendment states that there will be no â€Å"†¦cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. † (The United States Constitution). That amendment was established in order to prevent any torturing of prisoners; however, torture is defined as â€Å"extreme anguish of the body or mind; agony† and is that not the same denying someone euthanasia and letting them suffer for the remainder of their days (Torture)? The Ninth Amendment can also be considered as a safeguard for the rights of the terminally ill as it protect rights of any people not specifically mentioned in the Constitution (The United States Constitution), this can include the rights of the terminally ill to die. In order to protect the Constitutionality of euthanasia a federal law would have to be established that creates a legal euthanasia process. Such a law would be closely modeled after the laws in Oregon which sets out a specific outline for who can apply for euthanasia. This outline states that the individual must make three requests to die (two verbal and one written), be terminally ill with no more than six months to live, certified by two doctors that it is a serious request, checked to make sure that they aren’t mentally incompetent or epressed, informed of possible alternatives, and finally made to wait fifteen days to think it over (Euthanasia – Oregon’s Euthanasia Law). When a patient has finally gone through all of that the doctor then prescribes a deadly dose of barbiturates which the patient is allowed to pick up at their leisure and have the freedom of deciding whether or not to take it (A New Fight to Legalize Euthanasia). Such a law would limit any abu se as there is currently little to no abuse in Oregon already (Top 10 Pros and Cons). Even with a small amount of abuse the population of Netherland continues to support their euthanasia laws (Zurich Rejects ban on Suicide Tourism). However, even with strong Constitutional support and the experience of both a state and a country there is currently no push for a euthanization law in Congress, even though studies show that over 80% of adult American citizens support euthanasia (A New Fight to Legalize Euthanasia). Euthanasia is not only beneficial in the sense that it should be a civil liberty, but also it is economically beneficial. As cold and callous as that may sound euthanasia is a much cheaper, and much more pleasant, alternative to other treatments. The drugs required to euthanize an individual cost between $35 and $45 (Mathews) whereas the first six months of treatment for cancer range from $2,568 to $24,204 depending on the cancer type and severity (Costs of cancer Treatments). The cost for someone with leukemia is even greater, paying up to $150,000 for the first round of chemotherapy (Benzene and Leukemia). Those aren’t one time costs either, cancer treatments and treatments for other terminal illnesses can last for months or years and can rack up hospital bills in the range of hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars. The real question though is who has to foot the bill? Well, for fifty million Americans who don’t have health insurance the answer is themselves, meaning they’re paying out of pocket thousands of dollars that they probably don’t have (Christie). There are also the people who are on Medicare or Medicaid who are now costing the government massive amounts of money for a treatment that may not work and could easily bring about more pain and suffering for a patient and their family. So if there is a family who can’t afford the treatments for a relative, and that relative has decided that there is no more they want to do with their life and that they are at peace and don’t want to spend months or years suffering horrendously, then that relative can choose an option that costs a mere $35 and saves hemselves from suffering and their family for descending into un-escapable debt (or pushing the government further into debt). Some of the opposition of euthanasia springs from the belief that euthanasia would break a doctor’s Hippocratic Oath as the general idea behind the Hippocratic Oath is the preservation of life. It is true that a version of the Hippocratic Oath says â€Å"I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Top 10 Pros and Cons). Another version of the oath has a similar statement, â€Å"†¦avoiding the twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. That same version of the Hippocratic Oath also reminds the doctor to remember the effects a treatment could have on a patients relatives (Tyson). While the Hippocratic Oath may say it that a doctor should avoid ‘over-treating’ a patient it also says that â€Å"I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures that are required†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tyson). Well if the only benefit left to a dying patient is to do so with poise and dignity s hould euthanasia not be required (only if first requested by the patient of course)? Also, since the oath asks that a doctor keep in mind the effects on a patient’s relatives, shouldn’t a doctor be allowed to euthanize a willing patient to prevent the emotional scarring of watching a loved one die slowly and painfully? As for the preservation of life in the Hippocratic Oath one must ask, at what point is the life really worth living? When a patient reaches a certain degree of agony preserving their life would do more harm than good (Top 10 Pros and Cons). Though technically the Hippocratic Oath would actually be a non-issue, and there are two reasons for this. The first reason is that under the laws in Oregon (that a federal law would be modeled after) a doctor would not technically end the patient’s life; they would merely prescribe a lethal dose of barbiturates which the patient then takes (A New Fight to Legalize Euthanasia). The second reason is that since there are currently multiple versions of the Hippocratic Oath shows that it is an active and malleable document and subject to change at any point. Euthanasia is a touchy topic with many excellent points on both sides of the argument. Some people take issue with it for religious reasons and others condemn it for its use in Nazi death camps (Arendt, 53). But the only question that should be asked about legalization of euthanasia is, can you make that decision for everyone else? Should you make that decision for anyone when you haven’t experienced what they have? Unless everyone goes through the horrendous events that some of the terminally ill go through each day, there is no reason to not give them the freedom of a choice.

Analysing Dasein According To Heidegger Philosophy Essay

Analysing Dasein According To Heidegger Philosophy Essay Martin Heidegger was a student of Husserl and even dedicated his book Being and Time to him. However, he ended up going against a lot of Husserls ideas. Where Husserls phenomenology is a phenomenology of description of objects and how they present themselves to us, Heideggers is a phenomenology of understanding and interpretation. As he says in Being and Time (1973: 25), Heideggers phenomenology is not pure, again going against his teacher, as Husserl strove for a pure phenomenological attitude he incorporates existential ontology into his phenomenology, which means being historically situated in the world. Husserl wilfully chose to leave history unexamined because of the implications it would have had on his science historical context would have made it impure. Heideggers phenomenology is almost hermeneutical (understanding and interpreting our historically lived situation through texts), so much so he applies this hermeneutical approach to human beings. Heidegger wants to move away from subject (that which remains unchanging) and consciousness and look at Being and his concept of Dasein. This essay will examine Heideggers concept of Dasein as a movement away from Husserls concept of consciousness of objects and subjectivity. It will begin by explaining what Dasein is and is not. Looking at it as ontologically situated in the world as having an understanding of the meaning of Being. It will then move on to looking at Dasein as the entity of all entities and seeking for the meaning of Being. This will lead onto the concept of the they-self and everydayness and how Dasein is situated in these which will inevitably move onto anxiety as a means of getting from the they to the my. This will link into the authentic and inauthentic self authentic being one-self and inauthentic being the they-self. Dasein literally means Being-there (Polt, 1999:29). It is not consciousness and it is not a person. It is not simply existence or a thing in the world. It is a verb to exist. Dasein is no-thing. It is the essential structure of a human being the way of Being of a human being. It is not static in the world, but active towards the world (towards the world coming back to Husserls idea of objects giving themselves towards the world). Dasein exists understandingly having the understanding of the meaning of Being ontologically always historically mediated. Dasein is ontological insofar as it understands the meaning of Being it only has an opaque and vague understanding of Being but it has some. (Heidegger, 1973: 31). Dasein is the condition of possibility of the world so it can be considered transcendental. However, at its simplest Dasein is just Being in the world. Heidegger refers to Beings as entities entities are anything that has existence (Polt, 1999: 2). He mentions that ). Entities are ontical they are out there in the world. Dasein is the entity that is distinct from all other entities in that it is out there and it exists towards the world. It is the entity of all entities. As Heidegger says in Being and Time (1973: 32), Entities present themselves towards the world simply as they are in their being. Heidegger is interested in the meaning of Being. Things are but Being is nowhere you cannot point to Being or Dasein like you can point to an object. Dasein is no-thing. We need to witness the no-thing of our Being we need to look for the meaning of our Being or at least have an understanding of it. Human existence Dasein is being interrogated. The Being of our being is been asked about. To get to the meaning of Being, we must first go through the human being and the Dasein. To do this, Heidegger talks about seeking (ibid: 24). When we look for something we must have an idea of what we are looking for we cannot look for something we have no experience of. Dasein is primordially temporal in three ways 1. Existence: Daseins potentiality for Being projects Being on various possibilities. 2. Thrownness: Represents Daseins structure phenomenon of the past that represents past as having been historically. It could be argued that we are forced to be who we are because of our past we 3. Falleness: Being alongside Daseins place among other Daseins made possible by those present and being in the world. It is the result of being thrown into the world from the past (ibid: 76). As Polt (1999:76) says, . The human needs to be taken away from this simple subjectivity and looked at in the broader sense I am as they. This is where the concept of Das-Man or the they-self comes into play. Dasein has an aspect to itself as a they-self. The opinions that are out there. What other people tell us about ourselves determines us. In the they-self, the Dasein is comfortable; it seeks refuge in the they-self. There is a tranquilising familiarity of the they -self. In the they-self we feel at home but philosophy is not about feeling at home. We are on the run from our meaning of Being we are on the run from ourselves. The they-self defines who we are so we can never really get out of it fully. The they-self is everydayness. Dasein has to retrieve itself from the Das-Man in order to truly be itself. To do this, Heidegger says we must undergo anxiety. Heidegger asks how do we get form the they to the my? Husserl suspends the empirical or natural attitude for the phenomenological. It is a wilful suspension. For Heidegger, suspension is affective and comes in the form of anxiety. He also wants to suspend the natural attitude for the phenomenological, but for him, he calls the natural attitude, the everyday. I am affected by anxiety. When I am anxious Im brought back to my proper Dasein. Anxiety is how we get from the they to the my. Heidegger says that we should let anxiety overcome us in order to get back to my-self or one-self. However, one-self is a task for Dasein, as Dasein is an entity concerned by its own being and is comforted by the they-self. We are anxious about our being in the world our Being is determined by the fact that sometime we will not be in the world. My Being towards death is an indeterminable determinacy there is something indeterminate about death, but it determines me. In this anxiousness we emancipate ou rselves from the they-self. Letting anxiety overwhelm us, is the only way to get to our authentic self. Heidegger says that we are merely actors in our daily lives and that we have to get back to who we really are. This is where authenticity and inauthenticity comes into practice. Dasein encompasses both the authentic and inauthentic. There is a Dasein of the they and a Dasein of the my. Authenticity is who I am it can be argued that we are trying to get back to our authentic selves. For the most part we are inauthentic and improper we live through the they-self in everydayness. In the they-self the authentic self is dormant. However, we can never fully leave one or get into the other. Heidegger (in Keane, N., 1927: 65) says, Silence, according to Heidegger is how we get back to our-self our authentic self. Not saying anything at all, says more than idle-talk. As he says in Being and Time (1973: 213), Being as Dasein is Being toward the world. Being toward the world means concern. ). Heidegger says in Being and Time (1973: 237), that at its most basic level, Being-in-the-world is care. As such, Dasein is fundamentally care. Dasein is always out ahead of itself it is born into a world that already has meaning. Caring implies things that matter to us so we do care about our Being (Polt, 1999: 79). Dasein is human existence. It is the way of Being for human beings. At its most basic it is Being-in-the-world humans existence in the world. It is the entity of all entities so it can be argued that it is the way of Being over all other ways of Being of human beings. Dasein lives through the world in the everyday sense of the they-self. We are what other people perceive us to be. We can only truly be our authentic self by undergoing anxiety and letting it overwhelm us. Dasein can be understood as the essence of human existence having lived through its historically lived situation. It is a part of a fundamental ontology. Dasein is active towards the world as having a history by living through the world. It has to try find (seeking) its authentic self or owness through anxiety. Dasein is basically Being-there Being-in-the-world.

Lost Horizon :: essays research papers

Hilton, James. Lost Horizon. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Morrow and Company,1939.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I read Lost Horizon for my book report. The main characters in this story are Conway, Mallinson, Barnard, and Miss Brinklow. Conway was a man of thirty-seven years old who didn’t have a wife or any other family. Mallinson was a young man of about twenty or so who was not married yet either. Barnard was a middle-aged man that was without a wife or family also. Miss Brinklow was a woman of around the age of fifty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story was about four passengers on an aeroplane that was supposed to be going to Peshawar from Baskul. While they were on the trip, they noticed that the pilot wasn’t keeping a straight course to Peshawar, so they went to the front to ask the pilot what was happening and they noticed that it wasn’t the pilot who was supposed to be flying the aeroplane. When they tried to ask the pilot what was going on, he pointed a gun on them, so all they could do was ride the plane until he stopped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They finally came to a land after they had flown many hours. The pilot was dying and in his last words he told them that there was a place not far from where they were and that they could go there. Not long on their journey they met some people who were from this place, which is called Shangri-La, and these people led them there. When they got there, they were told that it would be about two months before there was a way for them to make the journey back to civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In these two months Conway and Chang, who was a guy that made their stay comfortable, talked a lot. In these talks Conway would ask many questions that Chang could not answer and this got Conway puzzled and made him think that there was something that was being hidden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost after these two months were up Chang told Conway that the High Lama wanted to see him and that this was an honor because he had never seen anyone that quickly after arriving there. When Conway was talking with the High Lama, he told him the story of the place and about the person who founded it. He also told him about the legend that this guy had never died and that when someone came to this place that there was a drug that they took that made them live longer than a normal person would.

American History Terms :: American History

American History Terms 1. Government role in RR building- Congress was impressed by arguments supporting military and postal needs and began to advance liberal money loans to two favored cross- continent companies in 1862 and added enormous donations of land and tracks. Within the routes the RR’s were allowed to choose alternate mile- square sections in checkerboard fashion 2. Significance of Transcontinental RR- A magnificent engineering feat- most impressive peacetime undertakings. Welded West Coast firmly to the Union. Facilitated flourishing trade with Asia. Stimulated growth with the West. Architectural feat- increased nationalism. Huge fortunes, jobs. 3. Stock watering - favorite device of the moguls of manipulation. Originally meant the practice of making cattle thirsty by feeding them salt and then having them bloat themselves with water before they weighed in for sale. Using a variation of this, RR stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about a given line’s assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the RR’s actual value. 4. Secret Rebates – kickbacks given to powerful shippers in return for steady and assured traffic- not given to everyone. Often slashed prices on competing lines, but more often mad up the difference on noncompeting ones 5. Wabash Case - 1886 Supreme Court ruled that said individual states had NO power to regulate interstate commerce. This would be done by the federal gov’t 6. Interstate Commerce Act - Prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. Forbade discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line. Created Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce and administer the new legislation. It did not really beat corporate wealth, but it did provide a forum where businesses could resolve their conflicts peaceably. 7. Vertical and Horizontal integration - vertical integration was combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from obtaining raw materials to marketing. It made supplies more reliable, controlled the quality of product at all states of production, and cut out middlemen’s fees and was perfected by Carnegie. Horizontal integration was consolidating with competitors to monopolize a given market, used a lot by Rockefeller. 8. Trust’s benefits – Gave consumers a superior product at a relatively cheap price. The efficient use of expensive machinery called large-scale production and consolidation proved more profitable than ruinous price wars. 9. Sherman Anti-Trust Act – 1890 – forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinction between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† trusts.

The Effects of Acid Deposition on Humans and the Environment :: Environmental Ecology Essays Pollution Acid Rain

Acid Deposition One of the biggest environmental problems that needs dealing with in society today is acid deposition. It is largely caused by humans, and causes much pollution to the environment and harms people and buildings as well. Although there are minimal positive sides to this issue, the negatives far outweigh it and call people around the world to take action to reduce and even solve this problem. Coming in both wet and dry forms, acid deposition consists of acidic pollutants including nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides that have been deposited from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth. There are both wet and dry forms of acid deposition, wet forms being referred to as acid precipitation. Acid precipitation is the result of sulfur and nitrogen oxides reacting in the atmosphere with water vapor. This returns to the earth as acid rain or snow. Dry deposition occurs when these oxides react without water and they settle out of the atmosphere onto the earth. Acid deposition can come from a number of different sources such as smokestacks, trucks and cars. More than 90% of the sulfur in the atmosphere comes from humans. Coal burning, the smelting of metal sulfide ores, and automobile exhaust are major human contributions to sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. Similarly, 95% of the increased nitrogen oxide levels in the atmosphere are a result of the activities of humans. The activity that contributes the most to these elevated levels is the combustion of oil, coal, and gas. Attention was first drawn to acid deposition in the 17th century when the bad effects of industry and acidic pollution on both vegetation and people were noticed. In the 1960s, it became an international problem when fishermen noticed declines in fish numbers and diversity in lakes across North America and Europe. Acid deposition causes many problems such as these worldwide, and is clearly a problem that needs to be properly dealt with. There are different negative affects of acid deposition to different environments on the earth. In soils where a possible buffer of basic material isn’t as great, plant nutrients are often lost, the germination of seeds and the growth of young seedlings are hurt, and plants may become over-fertilized by nitrogen. The plants in this instance often experience reduction in growth rates, flowering ability, and overall yield. This makes the plants more vulnerable to disease, insects, drought, and frost. Trees are also affected by acid deposition.

Marketing Communication McDonalds

McDonald's Corporation is the world's largest fast food chain, selling primarily hamburgers, chicken, french fries and carbonated drinks; and more recently salads, fruit and carrot sticks. The business was founded in 1940 with a restaurant opened by siblings Dick and Mac McDonald. It was their introduction of the â€Å"Speedee Service System† in 1948 that established the principles of the fast-food restaurant. However, the company today dates its â€Å"founding† to the opening of CEO Ray Kroc's first franchised restaurant, the company's ninth, in 1955. He opened his first McDonald's in Des Plaines, Illinois in April 1955 (Wikipedia).McDonald’s is one of the world’s largest brand for a reason. They take marketing communications seriously. McDonald’s spends billions of dollars with outside advertising and promotional agencies to communicate to its customers. According to Allison Perlik (2005), McDonald’s relies highly on targeted advertising an d marketing communications and this is a central reason it is one of the world’s best-known brands. San Francisco-based researcher Interbrand ranked it 7th among the 100 most powerful brands in the world last year. It values the McDonald’s brand at $25 billion, up 1% (and up one notch in the ranking) from 2003 thanks to the chain’s sales rebound (Perlik, 2005).McDonald’s has had its deepest impact as a marketer has been through the variety of its messages to consumers. Larry Light’s (McDonald’s Global Marketing Officer) term for the company’s marketing strategy is â€Å"brand journalism† which means telling different stories to several demographic groups through a variety of media, while ensuring that all those communications reinforce a single brand image. For decades, McDonald’s has simultaneously addressed kids, teens,Marketing Communication McDonalds  adults, moms, parents, grandparents, African Americans, Latinos, Asians and others with marketing meant to connect the brand with people’s lives (Perlik, 2005).The most recent campaign the fastfood giant deployed is i'm lovin' it. According to Wikepedia, this is an international branding campaign by primarily aimed at people aged 15-24. It was created by Heye & Partner, a longtime McDonald's agency based in Unterhaching, Germany, near Munich, and a member of the DDB Worldwide Communications Group, Inc. It was the company's first global advertising campaign and was launched in Munich, Germany on September 2, 2003, under the German title ich liebe es.The English part of the campaign was launched on September 29, 2003 with the music of Tom Batoy and Franco Tortora (Mona Davis Music) and vocals by Justin Timberlake in which the slogan appears used in many of the introductory spots. The campaign is proving to be successful as it is being popularly used around the globe.Another strategy the company has been carrying out is â€Å"standardizatio n†. This means replicating its menu and look across the world. But the truth is that there always has been a restlessness at McDonald’s, leading it to explore variations in both menu and building style. It started in the 1960s when Ray Kroc began installing outdoor seating in new units, transforming what had been a drive-in concept to a restaurant.Indoor seating, drive-thru windows, play areas for kids and other modifications followed. Limited-menu kiosks under such names as McSnack Spot, McTreat Spot and McStop have been tested with varying success. In the last 15 years, changes in consumer eating habits and in the restaurant industry have led McDonald’s to test some radical departures from its standard design (Perlik, 2005).Marketing Communication McDonaldsThe span of McDonald’s target market is very wide. As mentioned above, McDonald’s reaches different age brackets through the use of â€Å"brand journalism†. For instance, they had a tagli ne â€Å"You need a Break†. This is intended for adults who are busy working and are looking for a happy time, and McDonald’s delivers that. There are a number of reasons why people love McDonald’s and why they have served millions of burgers to millions of people. It could be that people still want their food fast and instantly, without sacrificing the taste, and at the same time, having fun. For the kids, they love the characters and definitely, the happy meal. This toy inside a meal is one of the most successful promotional strategies of McDonald’s.Its competitors like Carl's Jr. and Burger King have directed advertising towards a different demographic – young teenage and college-age men – with trendy, often sexualised, imagery and messages that target men's supposed desire for large, meat-filled burgers and rich, satisfying food. In 2005, for example, Carl's Jr. debuted a controversial ad featuring a bikini-clad Paris Hilton writhing sen suously on an expensive Bentley luxury car while enjoying a large burger. The ad provoked outrage from a number of groups, but Carl's Jr. sales climbed impressively (Wikipedia).Others may try but no one beats McDonald’s in being able to serve both kids and adults. The company, unlike Carl’s Jr. and Burger King, need not choose which specific market to serve. However, the culture of healthy eating is becoming a threat to fast food chains, even our giant McDonald’s. All of a sudden the country has gone into ‘health’ overdrive. The government published a White Paper called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Choosing Health†, that revealed their plans to invest money into better advertising campaigns promoting healthy eating in children. Unsurprisingly, Z-lists celebrities jumped on the band wagon and have either released a book or a workout video (Goldie, 2006). Goldie adds that as a result of this ongoing obesity debate, McDonald's and the fast-foodMarketing Communicati on McDonalds  industry as a whole saw itself on the receiving end of negative publicity and suffered major criticism for providing unhealthy food. 2004 was the first year McDonald's announced a loss in profits, coinciding with the release of the film documentary â€Å"Super Size Me† in July. The film follows the journey of Morgan Spurlock, who set out to discover the implications of eating nothing but Maccy D's for a whole month, following three rules: he could only eat what was available, no super-sizing unless offered, and he had to eat every item on the menu at least once.Although the healthy eating trend is posing a threat to McDonald’s, Ronald and his friends are here to stay. I believe that McDonald’s marketing communications spears through this trend and reaches the hearts and palettes of millions of kids and adults worldwide through their campaigns. McDonald’s successfully gives us a reason every now and then why we should go there and bring our kids with us. It is not only food that people love in McDonald’s but the culture, feeling, and happiness that it has seeded for the past 50 years in millions of kids and kids at heart.Bibliography:Perlik, A 2005, ‘Redefining McDonald's’, Rimag.com, viewed 12 December 2006, < http://www.rimag.com/archives/2005/03a/design.asp>.Perlik, A 2005, ‘McDonald's 50th: Marketing’, Rimag.com, viewed 12 December 2006, < http://www.rimag.com/archives/2005/03a/marketing.asp>.Goldie, C 2004, ‘McDonalds, healthy eating, and the Happy Meal of the future’, Public Sphere, 12 December 2006, .‘McDonalds’, Wikipedia, 12 December 2006, .‘Im lovin it’, Wikipedia, 12 December 2006,

The Truth About Sharks

Yes, the dialogue was pictorial which presented the realistic view of family relationships. For examples, Beths mamma asked her to go shopping and wash the dog. Also, Beth must go to her uncles party that she really didnt postulate to go save her mum required to go. Its a usual view of family relationships as the son and female child of all time need to listen to their parents, they slangt even have any(prenominal) freedoms.For me, my mum is the typical mother too. She always force me to do the thing she wants, the comparable she asked me to study in Canada despite I truly cute to stay in Hong Kong. What a ridiculous Also, she is annoying too. Im seventeen now so Im non a kid anymore, I know what I should do or shouldnt, but she would unsounded ask me to sleep when it is 11p.m. only or tell me this vegetables and that vegetables are healthy but she never know I come int like vegetables.I guess she did a good job. She complained about Madge non because of the $650 pay certificate only, was because Madge offended her self-esteem. For example, she was downhearted by Madge since Madge asked her to take off the drawers. I call in she was a typical infantile adult because she had strong self-esteem, for the typical unseasoned adults, they regard money as a very important thing, just like Beth, she would try to up the price of gift certificate.Firstly, since Beth didnt take off her pants and then walked toward other section of pants, so Madge Groton misconstrued that she wanted to steal the pants. Secondly, she had seen many kids doing this before, therefore she didnt believe what Beths explanation. Lastly, she wanted to do her job and she enjoyed her power of order of magnitude the people she caught. If I were Madge Groton, I would unquestionably listen to Beths explanation since I wouldnt know she was candid or not.You werent willing to attack by the shark, you didnt want that happen. Similarly, Beth didnt want to accuse falsely by Madge. I think it was not a atrocious analogy, Madge was like a shark which meant she was cold-blooded, she unheeded what Beth said and she still want to down her. And Beth just liked a myopic small fish or an innocent swimmer that couldnt evade from the shark as it was more powerful.I think Beth was almost adequately compensated for the injustice. She could press the budget-free shopping, but the $650 gift certificate wasnt enough as it wasnt equaled to the prox of Beth, she was nearly sentenced to the jail. Also, Beth won the self-esteem dorsum from the Madges apology because that arrogant shelter guard thought she had caught the shoplifter correctly. She got sanction on her face that money could not buy which made her feel confident.